Tham luận của ông Phon Chanh Phengphouvanh, Phó Giám đốc Sở Văn hóa và Du lịch thành phố Viêng Chăn (Lào): Bánh mì Việt Nam đã xuất hiện tại Lào từ sớm, vào khoảng những năm 90 và có sự giao thoa với nhiều món ăn tại Lào. Tại thủ đô Viêng Chăn, bánh mì Việt Nam do những người Việt sản xuất với các loại như bánh mì pate, bánh mì thịt… và được người dân Lào khá yêu thích.
“Bánh mì Việt Nam đang góp phần làm phong phú thêm nền văn hóa ẩm thực tại Lào và muốn phát triển bánh mì Việt Nam tại Lào cần xây dựng mô hình trải nghiệm bánh mì Việt Nam tại thủ đô Viêng Chăn. Để xây dựng được thương hiệu bánh mì Việt Nam nổi tiếng hơn tại thủ đô Viêng Chăn, cần có định hướng cụ thể trong việc bảo tồn và hiện đại hóa bản sắc văn hóa bánh mì Việt Nam theo chuẩn mực riêng nhưng phù hợp với bối cảnh sinh sống ở Lào Bánh mì Việt Nam phải do người Việt sản xuất để giữ được bản sắc của bánh mì Việt Nam”
CHƯƠNG TRÌNH HỘI THẢO KHOA HỌC
BÁNH MÌ VIỆT NAM GIÁ TRỊ ẨM THỰC THẾ GIỚI - LAN TỎA NĂM CHÂU
TPHCM, 23/3/2025
VIETNAMESE BÁNH MÌ IN VIENTIANE CAPITAL:
“THE SYMBOL” OF
VIETNAM - LAOS CULTURAL EXCHANGE
Phonchanh Phengphouvanh
Summary
Due to the close
geographical relationship and cultural similarities between Vietnam and Laos,
Vietnamese people migrated to Laos very early in the history. The reason
Vietnamese people leave their homeland for Laos in increasing numbers is to
find jobs. The migration process of Vietnamese people to Laos has contributed
to creating socio-economic changes, contributing to creating diversity in the
cultural identity of Laos, through the process of cultural exchange. Typically,
in the field of culinary culture, Vietnamese people have brought with them
culinary dishes that are welcomed and recognized by Lao people such as: Pho,
bun cha, grilled noodles, banh chung, dumplings, banh xeo ... Among them, Banh
mi is a Vietnamese cuisine that appeared in Laos and has become one
of the characteristics of Vietnamese cuisine in Laos. But for a number of
reasons, Vietnamese bread production and trading establishments in Laos in
general, and in Vientiane Capital in particular, rarely acknowledge their name
as Vietnamese bread, while consumers as Laotians all know, the loaves of banh
mithat they enjoy every day are produced by overseas Vietnamese (Viet Kieu).
Thus, this topic needs to be clarified to contribute to preserving and
promoting the traditional value of Vietnamese culinary culture in Laos in
general and in Vientiane Capital in particular.
Keywords:
Vietnamese banh mi, Vientiane Capital, symbol, Vietnam-Laos cultural exchange.
BÁNH MÌ VIỆT
NAM TẠI THỦ ĐÔ VIENTIANE:
“ BIỂU TƯỢNG” CỦA GIAO LƯU VĂN HÓA
VIỆT NAM - LÀO
Tóm tắt
Do quan hệ gần gũi về địa lý và sự
tương đồng về văn hóa giữa Việt Nam với Lào nên
từ rất sớm người Việt đã di cư sang Lào. Người Việt sở dĩ
rời bỏ quê hương đến Lào với số lượng ngày càng tăng dần là nhằm tìm kiếm công
ăn việc làm. Quá trình di cư của người Việt đến đất nước Lào đã góp phần tạo ra
sự biến chuyển nền kinh tế - xã hội, góp phần tạo nên sự đa dạng trong bản sắc
văn hóa của đất nước Lào, thông qua quá trình giao lưu văn hóa tiêu biểu là
trong lĩnh vực văn hóa ẩm thực người Việt đã mang theo các món ẩm thực giới
thiệu và được người Lào đoán nhận như: Món phở, bún chả,
nem nướng, bánh chưng, bánh bao, bánh xèo... Trong đó, bánh mì là một
ẩm thực Việt xuất hiện trên đất nước Lào và đã trở thành một trong những
nét đặc trưng ẩm thực Việt trên đất nước Lào. Nhưng với một số lý do các cơ sở
sản xuất và buôn bán bánh mì Việt ở Lào nói chung, ở Thủ đô Viêng Chăn nói
riêng đã ít thừa nhận tên tuổi của mình là bánh mì Việt Nam, trong khi đó những
người tiêu dùng như người Lào đều biết là các ổ bánh mì mình thưởng thức hàng
ngày là do người Việt Kiều sản xuất ra. Như vậy, chủ đề này cần được quan tâm
làm rõ để đóng góp trong việc bảo tồn và phát huy giá trị truyền thống văn hóa
ẩm thực Việt trên đất nước Lào nói chung, Thủ đô Viêng Chăn nói riêng.
Từ khóa: Bánh mì
Việt Nam, Thủ đô Viêng Chăn, biểu trưng, giao lưu văn hóa Việt -
Lào.
1. Introduction
Banh mi
in Lao language is "khau chi", "ເຂົ້າຈີ່", but
for Laotians, there are two types of bread, first: the traditional
Laotian style bread is made from sticky rice (take the sticky rice into
a mold into a loaf and then bake it on a wood stove), and the second is khau
chi in the sense that it is a type of cake (bread) which is a food made
from flour or from crushed grain mixed with water, usually by baking. Bread is
a widely consumed food in the world. Particularly in Laos, bread appeared
during the French colonial period, but initially bread was only an imported
food to serve the daily needs of foreigners (French people) before the
appearance of production facilities in Laos. Until after liberating the
country, the Lao Party and State introduced a policy to reform the country,
open the door to international cooperation, and attract investment from foreign
businesses to promote neconomic development - the country's society. Since
then, banh mi production facilities have appeared in major cities of Laos,
including Vientiane Capital (as the political, economic, cultural and social
center of the country). Along with the appearance of other foreign businesses
investing in Vientiane Capital at that time.
More precisely, Vietnamese
bread production facilities in Vientiane Capital appeared in the 1990s,
starting from small production facilities using manual wood-fired oven recipes
such as: Dongpalan bread oven (ດ
ງປາລານ), Dong Dok oven (ດ ງໂດກ), Khu Viêng furnace (ຄູວຽງ) and
Phontong furnace (ໂພນຕົ້ອງ).By
2010, Vietnamese bánh mì production facilities in Vientiane Capital had rapidly
increased and production methods had also improved, applying new technical
equipment and baking with electric ovens to ensure productivity and reduce
labours. But the Vietnamese bread production facilities and agents do not have
any stores that brand or advertise themselves as “Vietnamese Bread”. Most
of the Vietnamese bánh mì stores that sell bánh mì often order the simple name
is “Bánh Mì shop” by the Laotian name.
Up to now, we have never seen
any research work talking about Vietnamese bread in Laos in general, or in
Vientiane Capital in particular, but through the process of surveying and
finding out the facts from the Vietnamese Cultural Center in Laos, the
Vietnamese People's Association. Vietnam in Vientiane Capital , Vietnamese
bread shop owners in Tthe capital Vientiane and consumers of ùVietnamese bread
products in Vientiane Capital show that in recent times bread entrepreneurs
Vietnam has not received the opportunity to participate in cultural events
organized by Laos or Vietnam, businesses operate alone, with limited alliances
to cooperate and promote cake branding in Laos.
As such, to fully and systematically identify the value of Vietnamese bread cuisine in Vientiane Capital requires relying on the theory of cultural exchange and acculturation through the migration process of Vietnamese people to Laos, and the livelihood of the Vietnamese community in Vientiane Capital.
2.
Theoretical basis and research area
In the late 19th
and early 20th
centuries, the Anglo Saxon school of anthropology introduced the theory
of cultural exchange and acculturation when conducting research on the cultural
changes of European immigrant groups to America. Next, the concept of
“acculturation” became popular in the first decades of the twentieth century
with North American cultural anthropologists belonging to the school of
“cultural relativism”. The revered father of đthis school is Franz Boas
(1858 - 1948), a German-American (Jewish) scholar, and his generation of
students such as A lfred L. Kroeber, E. Sapir, R. Benedict, Margaret Mead...
Kroeber Alfred L. (1876 - 1960) wrote: Acculturation consists of changes
produced in one culture by the influence of another culture, resulting in
similarities between the two cultures that increases, the influence can be
mutual or one-way overwhelming. The resulting assimilation gmay proceed until
one culture is destroyed by the absorption of the other, or other factors may
intervene to balance the assimilation and keep the two cultures together.
Usually, that acculturation process tends to be carried out gradually, step by
step, not suddenly, over a long period of history (Nguyen Van Thoan, 2019:36).
Tran Quoc Vuong’s perspective,
cultural exchange and contact are all the supportive relationships connecting
two cultures, whether directly or indirectly related, physical or not,
continuous or limited, conscious or unconscious is a dynamic process in which a
culture evolves under the influence of another culture - the dominant culture
(Tran Quoc Vuong, 2000:91-92). Beside that, Ngo Duc Thinh (2006), acultural
communication can be seen as an inherent characteristic of people of human
communities, it appears with people and human society and exists with many
nuances and different levels. Talking about cultural communication is
communication between human communities, contributing to the culture of that
community being innovated, innovated, cultural communication, in short, is the
process of Human communities “meet up” and on that basis “receive” each other's
cultural values (Ngo Duc Thinh, 2006:112).
If the process of cultural exchange and acculturation can take place forcibly through military domination or take place peacefully through trading and missionary mechanisms, the Vietnamese community will in Vientiane Capital, exchanges and acculturation with the indigenous Lao community are mainly through the path of peace in both areas of material culture (eating, clothing, housing, travel...) and spiritual culture (customs, festivals, rituals, beliefs...) according to Nguyen Van Thoan's assessment (2019): the process of cultural exchange and acculturation, no matter what path, can lead to to the loss of a cult the case of Vietnamese people in Laos from the third generation onwards losing their ability to ability to use Vietnamese). Therefore, when studying the cultural elements of the Vietnamese community in Vientiane Capital, we pay great attention to the manifestations of cultural change, especially the traditional - modern aspects of culture, cultural symbiosis between endogenous and exogenous factors to recognize the process of cultural exchange and acculturation between Vietnam and Laos. Thus, the existence and development of Vietnamese bánh mì’s shops in Vientiane Capital is a dynamic state that demonstrates the adaptability and cultural integration of the Vietnamese community in Laos.
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